ngoại độc tố
Definition
- Noun (Medical/Microbiology):
- Exotoxin: A potent, soluble toxin secreted by a living bacterium into its surrounding environment. Exotoxins are typically proteins that can cause severe damage to the host by disrupting normal cellular functions, even at sites distant from the original bacterial infection. They are often a primary cause of the symptoms associated with certain bacterial diseases.
Usage Examples
- Noun:
- Độc tố của vi khuẩn bạch hầu là một loại ngoại độc tố mạnh. (The toxin of the diphtheria bacterium is a powerful exotoxin.)
- Ngoại độc tố thường kém bền với nhiệt so với nội độc tố. (Exotoxins are generally less heat-stable than endotoxins.)
- Vắc-xin uốn ván được tạo ra từ ngoại độc tố đã được làm mất độc tính. (The tetanus vaccine is made from a detoxified exotoxin.)
Advanced Usage
- Exotoxin vs. Endotoxin: In microbiology, "ngoại độc tố" (exotoxin) is frequently contrasted with "nội độc tố" (endotoxin). Exotoxins are actively released by bacteria, are highly toxic and specific in their action, and are often produced by Gram-positive bacteria. Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are released only when the bacterium lyses (breaks apart).
Variants and Related Words
Nội độc tố (n): Endotoxin.
- Sốc nhiễm khuẩn có thể liên quan đến nội độc tố. (Septic shock can be related to endotoxin.)
Độc tố (n): Toxin (a general term for any poisonous substance produced by a living organism).
- Độc tố thần kinh ảnh hưởng đến hệ thần kinh. (Neurotoxins affect the nervous system.)
Synonyms
- Bacterial exotoxin: A more specific synonym.
- Secreted toxin: Describes the method of release.
Related Concepts
- Giải độc tố (Detoxification): The process of removing or neutralizing toxins.
- Toxoid: An exotoxin that has been treated (e.g., with formaldehyde) to destroy its toxicity while retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response, used in vaccines (e.g., tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid).